| Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting | ||
|---|---|---|
| Prev | Chapter 9. Variables Revisited | Next |
The declare or typeset builtins (they are exact synonyms) permit restricting the properties of variables. This is a very weak form of the typing available in certain programming languages. The declare command is specific to version 2 or later of Bash. The typeset command also works in ksh scripts.
1 declare -r var1 |
(declare -r var1 works the same as readonly var1)
This is the rough equivalent of the C const type qualifier. An attempt to change the value of a readonly variable fails with an error message.
1 declare -i number 2 # The script will treat subsequent occurrences of "number" as an integer. 3 4 number=3 5 echo "Number = $number" # Number = 3 6 7 number=three 8 echo "Number = $number" # Number = 0 9 # Tries to evaluate the string "three" as an integer. |
Certain arithmetic operations are permitted for declared integer variables without the need for expr or let.
1 n=6/3 2 echo "n = $n" # n = 6/3 3 4 declare -i n 5 n=6/3 6 echo "n = $n" # n = 2 |
1 declare -a indices |
The variable indices will be treated as an array.
1 declare -f |
A declare -f line with no arguments in a script causes a listing of all the functions previously defined in that script.
1 declare -f function_name |
A declare -f function_name in a script lists just the function named.
1 declare -x var3 |
This declares a variable as available for exporting outside the environment of the script itself.
1 declare -x var3=373 |
The declare command permits assigning a value to a variable in the same statement as setting its properties.
Example 9-20. Using declare to type variables
1 #!/bin/bash
2
3 func1 ()
4 {
5 echo This is a function.
6 }
7
8 declare -f # Lists the function above.
9
10 echo
11
12 declare -i var1 # var1 is an integer.
13 var1=2367
14 echo "var1 declared as $var1"
15 var1=var1+1 # Integer declaration eliminates the need for 'let'.
16 echo "var1 incremented by 1 is $var1."
17 # Attempt to change variable declared as integer
18 echo "Attempting to change var1 to floating point value, 2367.1."
19 var1=2367.1 # Results in error message, with no change to variable.
20 echo "var1 is still $var1"
21
22 echo
23
24 declare -r var2=13.36 # 'declare' permits setting a variable property
25 #+ and simultaneously assigning it a value.
26 echo "var2 declared as $var2" # Attempt to change readonly variable.
27 var2=13.37 # Generates error message, and exit from script.
28
29 echo "var2 is still $var2" # This line will not execute.
30
31 exit 0 # Script will not exit here. |